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| Atomic symbol: Sn |
| Atomic number: 50 |
| Atomic weight: 118.69 |
| Atomic volume: 16.3 cm3/mol |
| Density: 7.30 g/cm3 |
| Period Number: 5 |
| Group number: 14 |
| Group name: Metal, Carbon group |
| Element classification: Metal |
| Phase at room temperature: Solid |
| Melting Point: 505.168 K |
| Boiling point: 2896 K |
| Heat of fusion: 7.029 kJ/mol |
| Heat of vaporization: 295.80 kJ/mol |
| Ionization Energy: 7.344 eV |
| 1st ionization energy: 708.6 kJ/mole |
| 2nd ionization energy: 1411.8 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy: 2943 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity: 1.88 |
| Electron affinity: 120 kJ/mole |
| Specific heat: 0.227 J/gK |
| Heat atomization: 302 kJ/mole atoms |
| Shells: 2,8,18,18,4 |
| Electron Shell Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: -4 |
| Maximum oxidation number: 0 |
| Minimum common oxidation number: 4 |
| Maximum common oxidation no: 0 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
| Structure:: distorted diamond |
| Color: silvery-white |
| Hardness: 1.65 mohs |
| Toxicity: ? |
| Characteristics: resists corrosion;2 forms |
| Uses: solder, pewter, bronze |
| Reaction with air: mild, w/ht, =>SnO2 |
| Reaction with 6M HCl: none |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3: mild, =>SnO2, NOx |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH: mild, =>H2, [Sn(OH)6] 2- |
| Number of isotopes: 10 |
| Oxide(s): SnO SnO2 |
| Hydride(s): SnH4Sn2H6 |
| Chloride(s): SnCl2 SnCl4 |
| Atomic Radius: 140.5 pm |
| Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm |
| Thermal conductivity: 66.8 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical conductivity: 90.909 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability: 7.7 A^3 |
| Source: Cassiterite (oxide) |
| Relative abundance solar system: 0.582 log |
| Abundance earth's crust: 0.3 log |
| Estimated crustal abundance: 2.3 milligrams per kilogram |
| Estimated oceanic abundance: 4×10-6 milligrams per liter |
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| (anglo-Saxon, tin; L. stannum) Known to the ancients. |
| Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world's supply comes from Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and California. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. |
| Ordinary tin is composed of nine stable isotopes; 18 unstable isotopes are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a "tin cry" is heard when a bar is bent. |
The element has two allotropic forms at normal pressure. On warming, gray, or alpha tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.20C into white, or beta tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled below 13.20C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This change from the alpha to beta form is called the tin pest. There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving food.
Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin.
Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated in air, tin forms Sn2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process).
Also interesting is a crystalline tin-niobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Such magnets, made of tin-niobium wire, weigh only a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that, when started with a small battery, are comparable to that of a 100 ton electromagnet operated continuously with a large power supply.
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