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Atomic symbol: Ga |
Atomic number: 31 |
Atomic weight: 69.723 |
Atomic volume: 11.8 cm3/mol |
Density: 5.907 g/cm3 |
Period Number: 4 |
Group number: 13 |
Group name: Metal |
Element classification: Metal |
Phase at room temperature: Solid |
Melting Point: 302.98 K |
Boiling point: 2676 K |
Heat of fusion: 5.590 kJ/mol |
Heat of vaporization: 258.70 kJ/mol |
Ionization Energy: 5.999 eV |
1st ionization energy: 578.8 kJ/mole |
2nd ionization energy: 1978.9 kJ/mole |
3rd ionization energy: 2963 kJ/mole |
Electronegativity: 1.81 |
Electron affinity: 30 kJ/mole |
Specific heat: 0.37 J/gK |
Heat atomization: 286 kJ/mole atoms |
Shells: 2,8,18,3 |
Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 |
Minimum oxidation number: 0 |
Maximum oxidation number: 2 |
Minimum common oxidation number: 0 |
Maximum common oxidation no: 3 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
Structure:: special: complex |
Color: silvery-blue |
Hardness: 1.5 mohs |
Toxicity: ? |
Characteristics: melts near r.t.wets glass |
Uses: photocells, transistors |
Reaction with air: mild, =>Ga2O3 |
Reaction with 6M HCl: mild, =>GaCl3, H2 |
Reaction with 15M HNO3: ? |
Reaction with 6M NaOH: mild, =>[Ga(OH)4]2-, H2 |
Number of isotopes: 2 |
Oxide(s): Ga2O3 |
Hydride(s): GaH3 |
Chloride(s): GaCl Ga2Cl6 |
Atomic Radius: 135 pm |
Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm |
Ionic radius (3+ ion): 76 pm |
Thermal conductivity: 48.3 J/m-sec-deg |
Electrical conductivity: 57.471 1/mohm-cm |
Polarizability: 8.1 A^3 |
Source: Bauxite (oxide) |
Relative abundance solar system: 1.577 log |
Abundance earth's crust: 1.2 log |
Estimated crustal abundance: 1.9×101 milligrams per kilogram |
Estimated oceanic abundance: 3×10-5 milligrams per liter |
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(L. Gallia: France; also from Latin, gallus, a translation of "Lecoq", a cock) Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH. |
Gallium is often found as a trace element in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite, bauxite, and coal. Some flue dusts from burning coal have been shown to contain as much 1.5 percent gallium. |
It is one of four metals -- mercury , cesium , and rubidium -- which can be liquid near room temperature and, thus, can be used in high-temperature thermometers. It has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures.
There is a strong tendency for gallium to supercool below its freezing point. Therefore, seeding may be necessary to initiate solidification.
Ultra-pure gallium has a beautiful, silvery appearance, and the solid metal exhibits a conchoidal fracture similar to glass. The metal expands 3.1 percent on solidifying; therefore, it should not be stored in glass or metal containers, because they may break as the metal solidifies.
High-purity gallium is attacked only slowly by mineral acids.
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