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Atomic symbol: Br |
Atomic number: 35 |
Atomic weight: 79.904 |
Atomic volume: 23.5 cm3/mol |
Density: 3.119 g/cm3 |
Period Number: 4 |
Group number: 17 |
Group name: Halogen |
Element classification: Non-metal |
Phase at room temperature: Liquid |
Melting Point: 266 K |
Boiling point: 332.7 K |
Heat of fusion: 5.286 kJ/mol |
Heat of vaporization: 15.438 kJ/mol |
Ionization Energy: 11.814 eV |
1st ionization energy: 1139.9 kJ/mole |
2nd ionization energy: 2103.4 kJ/mole |
3rd ionization energy: 3473.4 kJ/mole |
Electronegativity: 2.96 |
Electron affinity: 324.7 kJ/mole |
Specific heat: 0.473 J/gK |
Heat atomization: 112 kJ/mole atoms |
Shells: 2,8,18,7 |
Electron Shell Configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 |
Minimum oxidation number: -1 |
Maximum oxidation number: 7 |
Minimum common oxidation number: -1 |
Maximum common oxidation no: 5 |
Appearance & Characteristics |
Structure:: layers of Br2 |
Color: red-brown |
Hardness: mohs |
Toxicity: yes |
Characteristics: diatomic,corrosive,liquid |
Uses: pesticides,photography |
Reaction with air: none |
Reaction with 6M HCl: none, dissolves Br2(aq) |
Reaction with 15M HNO3: ? |
Reaction with 6M NaOH: mild, =>OBr-, Br- |
Number of isotopes: 2 |
Oxide(s): Br2O BrO2 |
Hydride(s): HBr |
Chloride(s): BrCl |
Atomic Radius: 114 pm |
Ionic radius (1- ion): 182 pm |
Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
Ionic radius (2- ion): pm |
Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm |
Ionic radius (3+ ion): pm |
Thermal conductivity: 0.12 J/m-sec-deg |
Electrical conductivity: 0 1/mohm-cm |
Polarizability: 3.1 A^3 |
Source: Seawater, brines |
Relative abundance solar system: 1.072 log |
Abundance earth's crust: 0.4 log |
Estimated crustal abundance: 2.4 milligrams per kilogram |
Estimated oceanic abundance: 6.73×101 milligrams per liter |
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(Gr. bromos: stench) Discovered by Balard in 1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860. |
A member of the halogen group, bromine is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Some bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm. |
Bromine is the only nonmetallic liquid element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements and has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it. |
Bromine is used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicines, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. Organic bromides are also important. |
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